Extra virgin olive oil’s history traces back to the Mediterranean basin around 6000 BC, with early cultivation in the eastern Mediterranean. It was a vital part of ancient Greek and Roman cultures, used for food, religious ceremonies, medicine, and as a form of currency or prize. The Romans spread its cultivation and use throughout the empire, and its importance continued through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, evolving from a simple, utilitarian product to a refined culinary item.
Ancient origins and early use
- Discovery: The cultivation of the olive tree began in the eastern Mediterranean between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago, with early records of its use dating to 2500 BCE in Egypt.
- Greek significance: The ancient Greeks considered olive oil a gift from the goddess Athena. It was used in cooking, lighting, religious ceremonies, and for athlete anointment. Winning Olympic athletes received olive branches.
- Roman expansion: The Romans adopted and spread olive oil throughout their empire, both for its culinary and medicinal properties. It became an essential part of daily life in the Mediterranean provinces.
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Middle Ages to modern times
- Survival: During periods of cold and conflict, monastic orders helped preserve olive oil production.
- Renaissance: Its use expanded beyond simple food and oil for lamps into more sophisticated applications, such as in the production of soaps and as a key element in the developing art of cuisine.
- Modern innovation: Modern techniques for oil production, including cold-pressing, were developed over time. The term “extra virgin” was later added to denote the highest quality oil.
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Cultural and religious importance
- Religious rituals: Olive oil has a long history in religious practices across various faiths.
- Judaism: It was the only fuel for the menorah in the Temple.
- Christianity: It is used in sacraments like baptism and anointing the sick.
- Islam: It is mentioned in the Quran as a “blessed” tree and its oil is used in medicine.
- Symbolism: The olive tree and its oil have long been associated with peace, wisdom, and purity.
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